2.4.
Trophic aspects
According to feeding the living organisms of the
coastal zone are divided into the primary producers of organic matter, its consumers and
reducers.
The producers of the caspian ecosystem are mainly algae
(phytoplankton and phytobenthose). Herbivorous invertebrates, the majority of fish youth
and some adult fishes, testudines, birds are corresponded to the consumers of the first
order; the consumers of the second and the next orders are such zoophagous as ravenous
invertebrates; catfish, pike-pearch, pike, sturgeons, etc. from fishes; water snake from
amphibians; cormorants from birds; caspian seal from the mammals.
The producers of the near-water ecosystems are algae and
higher plants. The later are subdivided into two classes of formations - amphibian and
water. The consumers are a complex animal kingdom beginning from zooplankton, herbivorous
invertebrates and vertebrates and completing with ravenous and parasitic species.
The main reducers of water and near-water ecosystems are
detritus bacteria and fungus.
The producers of the land ecosystems are the higher
plants, producing the primary organic production from non-organic matters.
Concumers-phytophagous from the invertebrates and animals exist by the primary production
making the secondary production at the same time. The consumers-zoophagous of various
orders feed with the secondary production. All the macroconsumers partially return the
nutritive into the environment as waste of living processes. But the main reducers are the
corresponding bacteria and fungus.
Fishes are represented by marine and fresh-water
species having the following fodder supply:
Gobiidae - cankerous, mollusks, fish youth
Stizostedion - small fish, cankerous, plankton
Atherina mochon Eichwald - plankton, benthose,
insect larvas, young fish
Syngnathus migrolineatus Eichwald - planktonic
crayfishes
Anguillidae anguilla L. - mollusks, insect
larvas, cankerous
Gasterosteidae - insect larvas, benthonic
organisms, small cankerous, worms, roe and young fish
Silurus glanis L. - fish, insect larvas
Gobitidae - roe and young fish, water insects,
sometimes diatomic algae
Cypriniday - cankerous, mollusks, worms, algae,
insects and their larvas, roe, young fish, vegetative detritus, seeds and fragments of
plants, including Aspius aspius taeniatus Eichwald - fishes only
Esox Pucius L. - cankerous, fish, frogs
Salmonidae - sprats, silverside, herring youth,
cankerous
Clupeonella - small cankerous, mollusk larvas,
roe and young fishes
Anoca - cankerous, fishes (sprats, silverside,
gobies, herring youth and youth caught in thick net)
Acipenseridae - cankerous, worms, fishes;
including Huso huso L. - fishes only
Caspiomyzon wagneri kessier - organic matters,
smallest organisms, meat of live and dead fishes
The main acclimatized species have the following
fodder supply:
Carassius carassius L. - zooplankton,
zoobenthose, rare vegetation
Gambusia affinis Boejardet Girard - insect
larvas, roe and young fish
Liza - cankerous, mollusks and their larvas, ooze
Amphibians feed mainly with various invertebrates
including the pests. Very seldom there are various kinds of grassy vegetation in their
fodder supply. The fodder supply of amphibians living in the coastal zone consists of:
Triturus vulgaris Laur. - the majority of bad
insects and their larvas
T.cristatus L. - earthworm, mollusks, insects and
their larvas, roe of amphibians and cankerous, the cases of cannibalism had been observed
sometimes
Pelobates syriacus Boett. - insects, mollusks,
earthworms
Polebytes caucasicus Boul. - various
invertebrates
Bufo viridis Laur. - non-flying forms of land
invertebrates, mainly bugs, caterpillars, bedbugs, ants
B.bufo L. - majority of bad insects, spiders,
ants, slogs, caterpillars, earthworms
Hyla arborea L., H.savigni Audouin - various
insects mainly flying forms
Rana ridibunda Pall. - various insects, sometimes
nestling of small birds, mouse-like rodents, tadpoles, fish youth
R.macrocnemis Boul. - flying insects
Reptiles of the coastal zone distinguish with great
variety of species and feed with vegetative and animal food, exactly:
Testudines - lush grassy vegetation, sometimes
mollusks and insects (Testido graeca L.) - insects, tadpoles, cankerous, frogs,
fishes, algae, sedge, fruits (Mauremys casrica Gmel. and Emys orbicularis L.).
Sauria - the majority of species feed with
insects, caterpillars, other small invertebrates, besides Cyrtopodion caspius Eichw
- scorpions, phalanx, spiders, wood louse, small lizards, Stellio caucasius Eichw -
plants, Pseodopus apodus Pall. - nestling, small rodents, Andius fragilis L.
- earthworms, mollusks
Serpentes - feed with very various animals: from
worms, mollusks and insects to fishes, birds and rodents. All snakes hunt after living bag
(quarry) swallowing it whole. The feed ration depends upon snake size and changes very
with age: young snakes feed with small invertebrates, but the adult ones - with
vertebrates. Only small species feed with worms, insects and other invertebrates all life
around.
Birds of the coastal zone are characterized by great
quantity of the subspecies variety mainly by migrating and wintering species and
subspecies. The local birds make fewer a third of species and subspecies observed in
region. Fodder supply of birds is very extensive and includes various vegetative and
animal food, and also the waste and remnants of food products. Fodder supply of birds of
the coastal zone consists of:
Podicipediformes - water insects, mollusks, small
fish, sometimes water plants
Pelewcaniformes - small and middle fish
Ciloniformes - frogs, tadpoles, near-water
invertebrates and amphibians
Phoenicopterus rose us Pall. - small mollusks,
water invertebrates and cankerous, one-celled algae
Anseriformes - water and near-water vegetation,
small fish, water invertebrates, ooze
Falconiformes - fish, webbed, rodents, frogs,
snakes, lizards, big insects, small and middle birds, small animals, rabbits, foxes,
carrion
Galliformes - young shoots, buds, flowers, seeds
and leafs of various plants, cereals, beans, fruits, berries, insects, caterpillars, worms
Gruiformes - insects, worms, mollusks, seeds of
plants, water plants, small fish
Charadriiformes - insects and their lavras, land
and water invertebrates, mollusks, small cankerous, and the family of Lariidae -
young fishes, small fish, rodents, birds and their eggs, food waste
Columbiformes - insects, seeds and shoots of
plants, food waste
Coculus canorus L. - insects
Strigiformes - mouse-like rodents, rabbits, small
birds, rare insects and lizards
Caprimulgus europacus L. - night insects
Coraciformes - insects, worms, lizards, small
rodents
Piciformes - insects and their chrysalises, plant
seeds
Passeriformes - insects, worms, seeds, berries
and fruits of plants, mollusks, and the genus of Corvus - bird eggs, nestling,
small birds, rodents, frogs, lizards, fish, carrion, food waste
According to feed character the mammals of the
coastal zone are divided into omnivorous, herbivorous and carnivorous. The theriofauna is
represented by 7 orders, which are characterized by the following fodder supply:
Insectivora - animal fodder, especially insects
and their lavras, and also the earthworms, mollusks, toads, lizards, snakes, small birds,
mouse-like rodents, fruits, plant shoots, cereals
Chiroptera - majority of bad insects
Lepus europacus Pallas - seeds and shoots of
plants, fruits, berries, vegetable and melon cultures
Rodentia - grass, seeds, cereals, nuts, chestnut,
acorns, fruits, berries, young shoots, bulbs and roots of grassy plants, melon cultures,
insects, bird eggs, nestling, and the genus of Rattus - fish, mollusks, carrion,
food waste, fecal
Carnivora are represented by all the families
with exception of civets use the following food:
Canis aureus L. - birds, mammals (rabbit, coypu,
mouse-like rodents, weasel), plants, carrion
Canis lupus L. - wild and domestic ungulates,
rabbit, mouse-like rodents, fish
Vulpus - mouse-like rodents, insects, birds,
reptiles, plants, rabbit, coypu
Martes - mouse-like rodents, squirrel, small
birds, big insects, various vegetation
Meles meles L. - worms, insects, mollusks, small
vertebrates, bird eggs, mouse-like rodents, various vegetation
Felis silvestris Schreber - mouse-like rodents
F.libyca Forster - coypu, bids, mouse-like
rodents
F.lynx L. - ungulates, rabbit, mouse-like
rodents, birds
Pinnipedia - Caspian seal (Phoca caspica
Gmelin) - small and middle fishes, cankerous
Ungulates are represented by three families - pig (wild
boar), deer (roe deer) and hollow-horned (gazel), their fodder base is:
Sus serofa L. - acorns, nuts, roots, tubers,
seeds, fruits, berries, shoots of cereals and melon cultures, lavras and chrysalises of
insects, bird eggs, nestling, carrion
Capreolus capreolus L. - various grasses, leafs
and shoots of bushes and trees
Gazella subgutturosa Gulbenstaedt - semidesert
and desert grasses
Acclimatized species have the following fodder
supply:
Myocastor coypus Mollina - near-water vegetation,
insects, bird eggs
Procyon lotor L. - small vertebrates, bird eggs
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INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
SECTION 5
APPENDIX 15
APPENDIX 16
    
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