3.4. Municipal services

3.4.1. ENERGY SUPPLY

Energy supply of the coastal zone is provided by delivery of electrical and heat energy and the natural gas as well.

Electrical energy supplies 100% of populated localities of the region including mountain and distant settlements. In the structure the electrical system has 300-500 kv high-tension lines of the intersystem meaning, 220-110 kv supply systems and 35-0.4 kv distributing systems. High-tension lines (110-500 kv) provide delivery and distribution of the generating power and also provide a link with neighbour energosystems. Within the coastal zone their length reaches to 800 km. The total length of the distributing systems is over 3000 km. The annual consumption of electrical energy in the coastal zone varies within 11.5-12.5 mlrd.kwh. Losses in supplying systems reach to 4.7-5.0% and 4.0-4.3% in distributing systems.

In spite of 100% electrification of inhabited localities, the energetical crisis of last years had led to regulation of electric supply regime and transition from dayli to by-hour electric supply mainly in rurals of coastal zone.

Heat energy supplies Baku and other large towns, partially the region of the coastal zone. Heat supply is conducted by industrial and heating HES (large towns), regional and industrial-heating boiler-rooms, small boiler-rooms, and by-flat generations of heat. The annual heat output in HES reaches to 2800-300 th.Hcal. The total available capacities of regional boiler-rooms allow to produce 600-650 th.Gcal of heat yearly, but due to shortage of fuel (natural gas, heat residual oil) they work only for 1015% of total capacity. Over 40% of HES and boiler -rooms capacities fall to physical work-out aggregates, the rest ones are uneconomical and ineffective. The majority of heating mains are characterized by significant losses of heat due to poor hydro-and heat-isolation. In regional centres the heat energy is basically delivered to administrative buildings, health service objects, service, many-apartment houses. The heating in individual productions, few-apartment dwelling houses and in country is carried out basically by stove heating.

Natural gas provides the whole Apsheron peninsula, Baku, large towns and regional centres of the coastal zone. Gas-mains are attached to all populated localities of the coastal zone except the mountain villages and some distant settlements. But at present the shortage of own resources of natural gas doesn't allow to provide the most population of the coastal zone with gas (except Apsheron peninsula). The total length of distributing system (gas-main of low and middle pressure - 1.2-2.5 MPa) is over 15000 km.

The yearly consumption of natural gas of to day in industrial and housing-municipal services of the coastal zone varies within 4.5-5.0 mlrd.m³. The state of gas distributing system is unsatisfied, the more important problem is corrosion. In addition the gas losses while transportation reach 18-20% of total volume.

Arterial gas-mains of the country have 1200 mm diameter, power pressure 5.57.5 MPa and capacity over 27 mlrd.m³ per year and located basically within the coastal zone. Within the coastal zone they are as follows: Gazi-Magomed line - Russian border - 240 km; Gazi-Magomed line - Iran border - 296.5 km; Gazi-Magomed - two lines - Georgia border - 80 km. There are also regional, intersystem and drain gas-mains and two underground reservoirs with active capacity 3 mlrd. m³ within the region.

Arterial oil-pipelines with total length over 600 km provide gathering and delivery of own and imported oil to the oil refineries, and also the oil transit to the country northern and western borders. The target output of oil-pipelines on oil receiving exceeds 50 mln.t. (actual is 8.2 mln.t.), on oil transition it is 10 mln.t. The oil-pipelines length is over 50 km.

The industrial complex and housing-municipal services in Baku, Sumgayit, Ali-Bairamly, less - the regional centres are provided by centralized water-supply. The water consumption in industry is regulated by limits upon the technology of production process. The daily norm of water consumption for one person is 330 l. Baku, Sumgayit, Apsheron peninsula are provided by water from different sources:

- the First and the Second Baku water-main provides a supply of drinking water of high quality from Samur-Devechi basin of underground water. They had been built in 1917 and 1942 accordingly and have a capacity of 1089 and 232 th.m³/d. The length of selfdrift water-supplies is 200 km.

- the first and the second lines of Kura water-mains had been exploiting since 1971 and 1986 accordingly having the capacity 302.4 and 449.9 th.m³/d. The length of pressure water supplies is 135 km.

- Jeiranbatan water-mains begins from the reservoir of the same name near Baku. Water comes here from Samur-Apsheron canal. Water main capacity is 1106.9 th.m³/d.

Besides there are four water-mains on the Apsheron peninsula territory with total capacity 0.8 m³/d. They based on the underground waters. Up to 40-45% of water consumption falls to lot of the industrial sector, 40-45% - to municipal sector and to 10% - to agriculture of the total volume of water delivered to Baku and Apsheron peninsula. Systems of circulating water-supply function on the industrial enterprises, mainly in Baku and Sumgayit.

The main consumer of the rest territory of the coastal zone is the municipal services with the exception of Ali-Bairamly town. In addition the centralized systems supplies only 30% of drinking water needs. Water-supply systems of regional centres, and also the group water-supplies are corresponded to the centralized systems. Their characteristics is given in Table 3-16.

Gusar, Neftchala, Bilasuvar and Jalilabad regions have low indices. Here the centralized water-supply doesn't exceed 5%. The populated localities which have no water-supplies use water from the pipe wells, artesian wells, springs and various surficial sources as well (rivers, irrigation ditches and canals).

Sewage system (drainage of industrial and economic-fecal sewage) and waste-pipes cleaning are provided in Baku, Sumgayit, Salyan, Lenkaran. The total carrying capacity of cleaning constructions where the mechanical and biological cleaning takes place in 732 th.m³/d, including Baku - 640 th.m³/d, Sumgayit - 76 th.m³/d, Salyan- 10 th.m³/d, Lenkaran - 6 th.m³/d. Oil refineries and some chemical enterprises have the installations of the preliminary cleaning of liquid wastes. The rest enterprises drain sewage into the urban canalization directly.

In the rest towns (regional centres) of the coastal zone there is a sewage system in industrial enterprises, buildings of administrative and civil meaning and in up to 40-50% of housing system in settlements of town type.

The generated indices for 1999 on water-consumption and drainage system in industry and housing-municipal services in the coastal zone are in Table 3-17.

The coastal zone represents a zone of the predominant irrigated agriculture. The total area of irrigated lands is 467.3 th.ha. The distribution of the irrigated lands according to land use is given in Table 3-18.

Table 3-18. Irrigated lands distribution (th. ha)

In this connection there is a great importance of the irrigation systems working on the region territory and being an important element of the hydrographical network and significant source of the underground waters alimentation. Reservoirs and canals are in the irrigation system of water supply. Basically the present reservoirs locate on rivers with exception of Jeiranbatan reservoir near Baku city which is used for water-supply of the city. Technical-economical characteristics of reservoirs are in Table 3-19.

Data on the basic canals of irrigation system are in Table 3-20.

The delivery of irrigation water to the consumers is carried out by network of inter- and intraeconomic water-supplies.

Indices on the irrigation water consumption for 1999 are in Table 3-21.

Sewage are gathered by inter- and intraeconomical networks into main Shirvan (110-km length, capacity 60 m³/sec.) and Main Mil-Mugan (185-km length, capacity 107 m³/sec.) reservoirs which through the sewage down the Caspian Sea.

3.4.4. Control for solid wastes

Solid living waste (SLW). The formation of 1.55 m³ of living waste per year is permitted per a person of the coastal zone according to the present sanitary norms. Proceeding from this norm in 1999 in then coastal zone there had been formed 6.17 mln.m³ of SLW, from which 4.15 mln.m³ falls to the large towns and regional centres' lot, and 2.02 mln.m³ - to country settlements. SLW contain up to 35% of food waste, 20-40% of paper, 3-5% of wood, 4-5% of textile fabrics, 4-5% glass breakage, 1-2% ferrous and non-ferrous metals and up to 10% of polymeric materials. There is a practice of living waste removal forming in towns and settlements of urban type to the municipal bodies fixed dust-heaps without its further utilization (97%). In country the living waste is keeping on the orchard plots and removed to the non-organized dust-heaps on village outskirts, the nearest ravines, gullies and other non-used lands. All this reflects very negatively on the sanitary and ecological state of the suburban territories and lands. Small quantities of SLW are burnt (1.5-2.0%) and processed (1.0-1.5%). The annual increase of SLW mass is 0.5%. The selection of SLW is not carried out. The only factory in the country for SLW process locates in Baku and has a target capacity 400 th.m³/y. But it is obsolete physically and morally and can process only 12% of volume of city living waste (they reach 3.0-3.5 mln.m³/y) having very unperfected technology.

Solid industrial waste (SIW). Long-standing activity of enterprises of oil-production, oil-processing, chemical, metallurgical and other branches of industry led to contamination of vast areas by toxic SIW. Generally to the end of 1999 the total quantity of tocsin SIW was 2922.5 th.t. from which 105 th.t. - on the rest territory of the coastal zone. In 1999 within the coastal zone there had been formed 439 t of tocsin SIW from which 377 t. in Baku and 62 t. in Sumgayit.

Tocsin SIW are concentrated on the industrial places of enterprises, in grounds of SLW storage and on the non-organized dust-heaps as well. The total area of lands contaminated with toxic waste reaches to 7500 ha. Besides the considerable areas of lands are disturbed and contaminated by building dust, waste from quarries, gravel and sand-pits, non-toxic SIW.

The coastal zone is characterized by well-developed transport system, its adaptation to geographical conditions and satisfying its needs. Two transregional transport corridors cross within the region:

• from the north to the south on Russia - Azerbaijan - Iran - Middle East countries route;

• from the west to the east on Europe - Georgia - Azerbaijan - Central Asia - China - Japan - South-Eastern Asia route;

Both corridors are provided by railway and motor-road routes, and also sea communications from Baku port. Yearly up to 2 mln.t. and 3 mln. t. of cargo are transported on the North-South and West-East corridors accordingly in both directions.

The total length of railway routes serviced both transport corridors within the coastal zone is over 500 km, motor-road routes - over 750 km.

The total length of state motor-roads is 1860 km, of local meaning - over 6660 km, sea communications - about 4300 km from Baku port to other ports of the Caspian Sea. The Urban transport (buses, taxi, in Baku and Sumgayit - trolleybuses and trains as well, and subway in Baku) function in all cities and towns.

INTRODUCTION

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

SECTION 5

APPENDIX 15

APPENDIX 16

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