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SECTION 3. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COASTAL ZONE AND BILOGICAL RESOURCES 3.4. Specifically protected natural resources and defined areas of water. The main Specifically protected natural resources and defined areas of water of the coastal area are shown on picture 3.4.1. Picture 3.4.1. Specifically protected natural resources and defined areas of water of the coastal area.
Water-uliginous area “Volga delta” of pre- estuary beach of Volga since 1975 is proclaimed as area with international level (Rimsar). The area is performed in shape of delta with a lot of islands, covered with cane- reed-mace linings with included osier woods, mosaic brushwoods of canes, hedgehog-head, and open area of water with submarine-meadowy brushwoods. The region is on one of the big way of water birds’ migration. These are nesting places of waterfowls, spawning place and graziery of semi-pass and tuvod fish species, graziery of pass and main migration ways of sturgeon species. Manufacturing activity connected with water biological resources maintenance, rice seeding, outings and recreational activity is limited there. In northern part of area (545 000 hectares) there are scything hygrofoil miscellaneous grass and cereal meadows with dominance of southern cane on alluvial islands. Areas are served for livestock walking, haying, fish spawning during flood. Waterfowls are frequent visitors in these areas during spring migrations and floods. South till sea verge of delta canes and osier woods are located (114200 thousands hectares) with various basins, often in stage of formation or extinction (elms, oxbows, cultic). Channel and extinct basins are served for waterfowls for the most part of year. Main part of wild ducks, dun-birds, bald-coots, grey goose and mute swans. Cormorants and various heron species shape nest colonies in osier woods. On inter-island area of water of foredelta (153000 hectares) till middle of 80th waterfowl existed in period of nesting and summer mew. Depths grow and changes in vegetation last period have deteriorated conditions for reproduction, feed and mew. On crossing the foredelta various channels, rounded with surrounding islands, overgrown with cane, reed-mace, osier at ice-free period is the place of living of waterfowls. Remaining area of water of pre-estuary beach (604300 hectares) occupied by submarine meadows of anfractuous Valisneria, Potamogeton pectinated, hornworth (Ceratophyllum), stonewort (Chara) seaweeds was domesticated by waterfowls in the period of migration and wintering, and after season reproduction. Foredelta’s depths increase does deteriorate conditions for ornithofauna and lead to decrease of number of formed water-uliginous areas. Within water-uliginous areas there are nature monuments, as “Gandurinskoe” and “Khazovskoe”, used for preservation of nesting colonies of Copepod and grallic birds, and “Estakadniy” – for preservation of spawning places of valuable fish species. Besides, there are 4 hunting wildlife sanctuaries with entire area of 38200 hectares, and “quiet zones” for waterfowls in hunting periods are set. In delta of Volga lowlands 11 hunting forests function. The protection of biological variety in areas are realised by specially authorised state bodies – hunting supervision agency, fish and nature protecting bodies and huntsman agency of state nature preserve with public organizations and juridical bodies attraction. Long-termed, considerable changes in Caspian Sea level connected with rapid streams of successions of biocoenosis and, partly, growing anthropogene pressure on North Pre-Caspian environment are reflected on the water-uliginous areas conditions, and on the number and species of birds living in delta of Volga. For the short period of time several shallowed water area of foredelta where highly productive, extensive areas had formed, providing fast growth of many species of colonial and water-by waterfowls, there is a tend for decrease of a number of separate species of Anserinae, stork-shaped, crane-shaped and dotterel –shaped in the migration, nesting and summer mew period. However, main part of beach areas still retain high productivity, and whole quantity of waterfowls in after-reproduction period makes approximately 0.9 mln species. On the part of modern “Rimsar” water-uliginous areas of Volga delta since 1919 the first soviet preserve functionates – currently Astrakhan biosphere preserve. Its territory makes 66.8 thousand hectares and safeguarded zones of 31 thousand hectares, consists of 3 parts, situated in eastern, central and western parts of delta of Volga. The status of Astrakhan preserve is nature-protecting scientific- exploratory institution, aimed to: keep and study native course of processes, genefond of plants and animals of delta, and development of scientific bases of nature protection. Preserve is included into international system of biosphere reservators implementing global ecological monitoring. Astrakhan preserve is empowered to fulfil the goals, connected with preservation of biological variety: keeping in native state protected natural complexes of delta of Volga, carriage of ecological monitoring, distribution of ecological knowledge and scientific researches carriage. Within Astrakhan preserve there are lands, mineral resources and water area with all their objects, excluded from maintenance. Special regime is set within preserve and its water area, which prohibits actions for change hydrological regime of lands and basins, exploratory works and mineral resources development; ground changes, wood clearance, and other wood-use operations; drug plants and technical raw materials preservation, scything, depasturing, hiving and bee-gardening, picking and curing of wild fruits, berries, mushrooms, seeds, flowers and other kinds of flora maintenance; construction, communicating; industrial and amateur hunting, fishing and other kinds of fauna maintenance; animals introduction with purpose of naturalisation; chemical fertilisers usage; outsiders’ staying, passing and riding , water and autotransport out of road and public water routes, space transport flies under 2000 m, and other activity disturbing the native development of natural processes and threatening normal state of natural complexes and objects. Vegetation of preserve is performed with 3 types: wood, meadow and water. During flora inventory there was found 278 species (63 kinds, 176 orders) 44 species from which (21 kinds, 27 orders) are: osier white and 3 stamen, dewberry, south cane, calamus, sedge white and spiky, Persian nightshade. Water species: reed-mace, hedgehog-head straght, flowering rush (Butomus), lotus caryocarpous, water nut, Nymphoides shieldleaf (floating heart), white nenuphar, yellow spatter-dock, salviniae floating, small duckweed, spiral valleysnria, Canadian elodea, sea naiad, Uzbek and normales stonewort (Chara), obtusus nitellopsis, enteromorpha. From decreasing species there are lotus and water nut (chilim), registered into Russian Red Book, and white nenuphar and yellow spatter-dock. Living world of preserve belongs to European type with elements of other ones. Mammals’ fauna contains about 30 species of insectivorous (3), cheiropteras (6), hare shaped (1), rodents (8), predators (8), pinniped (1) and Artiodactyla (3). Multitudinous types – normal and water vole, field-mouse, small mouse and wild boar; seldom – grey hare, ermine, otter, river beaver and ondatra. Caspian sea-dog, saiga and elk uses preserve space for migration. Preserve is marked about 230 bird species, 83 ones nesting, 105 appear in period of migration and wintering, and about 40 ones are unregular during transmigrations. The base of ornythofauna consists of water-uliginous birds (48 species). Within preserve there are 80% nesting birds of whole delta, and in migration and wintering period is had been marked up to 96% of them. Half of nesting species are transpalearctes, 24.1% belongs to European type of fauna, 15.8% Mediterranean, 9.2% - to Mongolian, and 0.9% - to Chinese. Anserinae species are dominant in water-uliginous group (14). Mute swan, grey goose, wild duck, dun-bird, grey, yellow, Egyptian, big white and small white heron, tree-frog, spoonbill, glory ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), big cormorant. Delta of Volga is the most important zone on European continent of massive assemblies of birds in period of season migrations. Full migration length is 9 months there – from March till November. 27 bird species registered into the Russian Red Book live there: pelican, pink pelican, spoonbill, glory ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Egyptian heron, osprey, erne, little bustard, stilt, peregrine, golden eagle, avdotka, bustard, black stork, flamingo etc.). From reptiles there are 5 species at preserve: uliginous turtle, normal and water snake, coluber, lizard; form amphibians – 3 species: lake-frog, candytuft (Iberis), green toad. In preserve’s basins there are 61 fish species: 2 orders and 14 kinds. Multitudinous carp types: carp, bream, roach, tench, red-finned, gustera, chub, bleak, pike, sheat-fish, perch, zander. Migration fishes of sturgeon type: Russian sturgeon, huso, stellate sturgeon, spine, and of herring types: herring, dolginski may be met only in spawning migration period. Basins are also full with representatives of 20 orders of spineless animals: 803 taxons, amongst which there are primaries – 136, 367 rotifers, 148 barbate crayfish shaped ones, 71 Copepod, 81 of conchy and other animals, including larval stage. 1800 species have been found in the fauna of insects – among them there dragonflies, water bugs, kinks, mosquito, blinds, Simuliidae and others. On the territory of the Republic of Dagestan the State natural reserve ‘Dagestanskiy” that consists of 2 sectors “Kizlyar Gulf” and “Sarikumskiye Barkhani” was formed in 1987. The overall square of the reserve is 19001 thousand ha, including the areas of water of the Caspian Sea – 9,3 thousand ha, sands – 0,376 thousand ha, pastures – 0,2 thousand ha. The reserve is formed to preserve the natural complexes of the Kizlyar gulf of the Caspian Sea and the Sarikum barkhans with all the components, as well as the animals and plants, that included into the red Book of Russia and Dagestan, valuable hunting-trading species, as well as the study and protection of the biggest migration way of the birds of passage., places of the nesting and wintering along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, in its natural condition. The state natural reserve “Dagestanskiy” received the tasks to preserve the biological variety and to support the protection of natural complexes as well as the provision of the ecological monitoring. To protect the territories of the reserve from unfavorable anthropogenic effects all the adjoining lands and areas of water are announces the buffer zone with the regulated regime (controlled by the reserve) of the limited economic activity. The total square of the buffer zone is 21,065 thousand ha, including the “Kizlyar gulf” – 19,89 thousand ha and “sarikumskiye barkhani” – 1,175 thousand ha. The characteristic peculiarity of the natural complexes of the “Kizlyar gulf” section is the expressiveness of all stages of the step by step change of the various growing meadow-swamp and meadow-alkali soil formations up to the semi-deserted and deserted complezes. Flora and fauna are typical for the Caspian lowering and Tersko-Sulak plain. The fauna of the section is mainly presented by the water and prewater animals, first of all, birds. The water-swimming birds are in the favorable conditions for nesting and wintering. Along all western coast of the Caspian Sea the passage way for birds of passage that move between Kizil-Achagskiy (Azerbaijan) and Astrakhan reserves. The ducks, geese and others are more numerous when flying. Also flamingo, curly and pink pelicans, sultan hen, little bastards, bustards are also noted in these areas and they are included into the red Book of Russia and the list of IUCN. The shallow Waters of the gulf serve as the place of habitation of the sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, white sturgeon, then place of habitation and spawning of sazan, beam, cat-fish, vobla and others. Part of the area of water of the Caspian Sea from north from the line, connecting the mouth of Sulak and mount Tyub-Karagan, as the one defining the biological productivity of the whole sea, has the status of the reserve area from 1975, and this reserve allows the economic activity, bound with the investigation and exploration of the hydrocarbon raw material in its area of water. The Samur delta is a unique sector of the Caspian Sea coast with the ecosystem, broke by anthropogenic effects, It is a Northern border of the spreading of the heat-loving rare species. The relic forest ecosystems in the surrounding of the steppes and semi-deserts are getting broken doe to too heavy anthropogenic loads. The modern economy in the delta is led without taking this factor into an account and endangers the whole ecosystem of delta of Samur. The state Samur natural park, the woods of which, according to the article 56 of the Wood (Forest) Code of the Russian Federation, belongs to the forests of the 1st group, was formed on 24 September of 1991. The regional zoological reserve “Caspiyskiy” and “Morskoy Biryuchok” are situated on the territory of the Lagan region of Kalmikiya. The total square is 39400 ha, it was formed by the resolution of the soviet of Ministers of the Kalmik Autonomous Soviet Republic in 1975. It is situated in the north-western part of the sea in the Lagan region. It covers the part of the Caspian lowering, whice crosses the baire hills in the direction of the width; the spaces between the hills are represented by lakes and ilmens. It is situated in the north-western part of the coastal line o the lagan rayon. It covers the sector of the in-Caspian Sea, which is crossed by the baire hills in the latitudinal directin; the between hill spaces are represented by the lakes and ilmens. The lakes Rijkovskoye, Babikskoye, laganskoye, Abrikskoye, batranginskoye that use to dry away are not fed by Olya-Caspian channel. Krasinskoye and Olenichevskoye lakes are connected to the Olenichevskoye channel by the Caspian irrigational system. The main square of the reserve is occupied by the steeps. There you can find the associations of the water plants. In the coastal area there are meadows of middle and surplus humidity. The big water-irrigational system near the Caspian Sea is the place of nesting, passage and resting of the migrating birds. The biggest population of pheasants live in this reserve. The semi-deserted sector s are the places of passage and wintering of the bastards, little bastards and other species. The regional zoological reserve “Morksoy Biyuchok” is 50000 ha of the square. It was created by the resolution of the Soviet of Ministers of Autonomous Soviet Republic of Kalmikiya in 1973. It is situated in the north-western part of the coastal area of water of the Caspian Sea, including the island “Morskoy Biryuchok”, Kizlyar gulf and Darginskiy bank. The modern ecological conditions, the vibrations of the level of the Caspian Sea have promoted the heterogeneity of the plant cover. On the coast of the Caspian Sea and on the island Morskoy Biryuchok the reed-growing is all along the coast. The coastal line of the Caspian Sea and Morskoy Biryuchok island are the places of the massif nesting of water-swimming and near-water birds, one of the biggest territories of the concentration of migrating geese of Russia. The main migrating way of the near-water and water-swimming birds passes through the reserve. The steppe sectors are the places for the passage and partly wintering of little bastards and bastards. The status of the rest zone and the area of the sanitary protection was given to the coastal area of water along the significant part of the Republic of Dagestan. This status is given to provide the preservation of high recreational potential of the region. |
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