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SECTION 4. SOCIAL-ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COASTAL ZONE 4.1. Coastal zone of Republic of Dagestan. The social-economic development of the coastal zone is significantly effected by the vibrations of the Caspian Sea. The raising of the past period (1978-1995 for 2,5 m) were the most significant ones. Vast territories were flooded then, including the agricultural areas, and this increased the destroying processes in the narrow coastal boundary of the mountains in the south part of the zone, overloaded with the constructions and objects of infrastructure, including the recreational fixings. 4.1.1. Demography There is 1 million of people or 44% of the total population of Dagestan Republic, living on the coastal zone. The annual speed of growth of the quantity of the population was 2% in 90s. The basis of the national composition of the population is defined by the Kumiks (17%), Lezgins (16%), Dargis (15,2%), Avars (14,7%), then by Russians (8,9%), Azerbaijanis (7,6%), Laks (5,9%) and Tabasarans (3,5%). All the other nationalities living in the republic are less than 1%. In the coastal zone there are mainly urbanized people – 68,1 %, its specific weight goes lower every year due to less child birth, especially in cities, as well as due to the migration of people to villages doe to economical instability. More than half of the urbanized population is concentrated in Makhachkala, the capital of Dagestan. High child birth is characteristic of the demographic processes. The natural growth of the population is also characteristic for demographic processes, it was 13,6 % in 1995, for instance. Children and youth prevail in the age structure of the population and this promoted a high level of lack of employment in the period of low activity. Among the able-bodied population women (51,6%) prevail over men (48,4%). The return of ethnic Dagestanians from other regions of Russia and countries of CIS, the arrival of refuges from Chechen Republic, the departure of Russians, Jews and representatives of other nationalities are characteristic for the migration processes. In general, the balance of the migration of different years was mainly positive. The system od settling of the coastal zone includes 364 inhabited points, including 4 cities and the capital of Dagestan (603 thousand people), 16 city type settlements (65 thousand people) and 346 villages *312 thousand people). The least density of population is observed in the northern part of the coastal zone – 10-18 persons ort sq.km; in the southern part , especially in cities, the density is much higher. 4.1.2. Social sphere The low level of the development of its logistical base, composed during last decades and deepened by the difficulties of social-economical development during crisis of 90s, as well as the unequal settling of offices and objects of health, education and culture into the inhabited points are characteristic for the social sphere of the coastal zone of the Republic of Dagestan . As a result, due to low revenues of the population none of its normal life requirements in the social sphere re provided. The conditions of receipt of medical help full education and participation in the cultural life are limited. The cutting down of medical organizations and sick-beds as well as the number of doctors and other medical staff is taking place. The provision of the population with the medical staff is significantly less than the the average index for Russia – up to 40%. However, in the cities of makhachkala, Derbent, Izberbash and Dagestanskiye Ogni the situation is more favorable. The hospitals, clinics, midwifery points, situated in many inhabited points situated under the effect of the last raising of the sea level, are placed in the emergency buildings. As a result, there is a high degree of sickness, especially by infections diseases and parasitic diseases in the coastal zone. The majority of the high educational institutions and secondary special schools are situated in Makhachkala. The quantity of the students is about 30 thousand people. With not very high growth of the quantity of pupils of the secondary schools the speed of building of latter is getting lower. In connection with that the share of pupils, studding the second shift, increases and for the past years it reached 30% and 40% and more in the cities. The institutions like institutions of culture (theaters, philharmonic society, and others are situated in cities (there are 5 theaters in Makhachkala only). In the villages, and settlements of urbanized type there are mainly the houses of culture and clubs. On the basis of rich recreational resources of the cost a lot of sanatoriums, boarding houses, tourist centers, rest houses, camping places, fish-catching – hunting centers, hydropathic establishments, camps for schoolchildren were opened, among them the bases of rest are prevailing. The main part of the institutions of rest and tourism are concentrated in Makhachkala, Karabudakhkent and Kayakentskiy rayons, in Derbent. The raising of the sea level led to the flooding of the part of beaches, constructions and buildings. The level of the logistical support and engineering equipment of the rest houses and tourism centers is not high enough. The level of their use at present time is insignificant first of all due to economical conditions and political instability as well as the low service quality. 4.1.3. Economical activity. The industrial production prevails in the economy of the coastal zone. The machine building, fuel-energetic, chemical, food and light industries, as well as the production of construction materials, where the spheres of the defensive complex used to prevail, used to occupy the leading places by the beginning of 90s. The most part of the production, manufactured by the civil spheres was half-finished product and accessory items, exported to other regions of Russia. Almost all the enterprises of machine building and additional production are situated in three main cities – makhachkala, Derbent and Casoiysk. The concentration of the manufacturing potential is especially high in Makhachkala, where more than half of main enterprises of industry are situated. Out of borders of these cities there are small enterprises, aimed to present the autotransport, constructional, repairing and other types of services. In accordance with the peculiarities of the field structure of the industry and manufactured production, the volume of production decreased to 16% by the end of 90s. The difficult condition appeared in the fish-making production, the production of which decreased in 2,5 times, its potential powers are used only for 20 % of the available one. The condition of the oil exploring industry, its specific weight in the structure of the industrial production increased from 4 to 42%. Wine-growing has preserved its positions thanks to the increase of volumes of the production of cognac and champagne. Starting from 1997 the reanimation of the manufacturing production, first of all of the fuel-energetic complex and food industry. As a result the growth of the volume of the production was 2,6 % in 1997, and 131,4 % by 1990. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1997 ã. â ïðèáðåæíîé çîíå îòìå÷àåòñÿ îæèâëåíèå. The requirements of the population in most of industries is provided by the import of the production from other regions of Russia and abroad. . The agricultural production of the coastal zone is an important field of the economical activity of the population with the specialization in the southern part of the vegetable/wine and garden growing, in the northern – of sheep breeding and crop growing. The agricultural production of the coastal zone is the main agroindustrial complex of the republic. There are 640,4 thousand ha of the agricultural lands or 19,8% of the total square, including the 185,7 thousand ha of the fruitful tillage 46,7%). 48% of the longstanding plants, 30% of the vegetable growing squares, 19% of the cattle and 16% of sheep and goats. 70 thousand heads of cattle and about 1 million of sheep and goats are settled in the mountainous areas of the republic. Almost half of all agricultural enterprises of the republic is concentrated here. The decrease of the agricultural manufacture during crisis 90s was less significant than in that of the industry. The turnover of the agricultural manufacture decreased for 28%, including 41% of the plant growing production and 18% of the cattle breeding one. The volumes of plant growing production have decreased significantly, especially the production of crop, fruit and grapes. The production of vegetable growing field had suffered less from the decrease of the volume of production. The production of private farms is 70% higher that in the agricultural enterprises and 60% higher for the grape production in general. There are two opposite tendencies in the cattle breeding production: the decrease of the livestock of cattle in the agricultural enterprises and its growth in the private farms. All in all the production of the livestock of cattle is 24% less, of sheep and goats is 19% less that it was before, but in the private farms the concentration of these animals appeared to be 76 and 84% accordingly. The decrease of the livestock and its productivity has reasoned the decrease of the stock production: meat for 8%, milk for 28%, wool for 20%, eggs for 20%. Recent sea level conduced submergence of agricultural lands, destroyed their activity, which affected negatively to production effectiveness. Aggravation of melioration condition tells negatively owing to practical cessation of any operations in irrigative systems. Plant growing production including vegetables, grapes and fruits are traditionally imported into another regions of RF, though there are some difficulties connected with realization of them together with wool and meat. At the same time, there are problems with provision of population with foodstuff – corn, potato, meat, milk products and eggs. Fish farming including fishery and fish reproduction stands between leading ones in the inshore zone's economics. There are 3 important fish-processing regions: Caspian-Terek, Caspian-Sulak and Caspian-Samur. Caspian-Terek and Caspian-Sulak regions are the most important. Row material base has got down mainly because of unsufficiency of Samur river's water basin. It caused decrease the number of Acipenserids (sturgeons). Their Sulak species is also in hard a condition. Sea zone – deep one of mid an southern Caspian regions - stands out in the industrial fishery. In whole fish catching of republic, keeping the rules of fishery set in USSR period, sturgeons hauling makes 0.2-0.4%, Clupeidae (herring) – 0.8-1.2%, Cepphus (guillemots) – 4.2 – 5.5%, main kind of hauling – Sprattus (sprat) – 93-94%. Owing to the crisis in fishery, fish hauling had 6 times decrease in 90th. Sea level rise had aggravated circumstances for fish-processing enterprises which due to some elements lost considerable quantity of swimming equipment, hauling tools. Wharfs and coast lines of enterprises are under water. It should be noticed that for considerable part of coastal population fishery is the only source of their living. Service is developed higher in coastal zone than in remaining part of republic. Its structure weight had increased due to passenger transportation, education, legal service, communications, high range of public service. Private sector of tailoring and shoe-making, household appliances repair, house construction and maintenance work, social service is getting developed. The volume of turnover for per capita in coastal zone is higher than in other parts of republic, but is still behind the other regions Northern Caucasus. Inter-regional economic relations in its entirety are characterised with import preponderance over export; international ones have trend in raw materials. The tendency of the growth of the quantity of the economically active population is characteristic for the labor market. Along with that the problem of redundancy of the labor resources is becoming more actual. The level of the registered unemployment is about 3%, and although this is 2 times less than all over the republic it still is above the average index for Russia. There is a lot of hidden unemployment, e.g., the people do not apply to job placement offices due to absence of any transport connection with the centers. In the present social-economical conditions the majority of the population is below the poverty level. The average salary of people is 2,5 times less than in any other regions of the Northern Caucasus. This difference is especially noted for those, who work for the industrial fields. 4.1.4. Communal and industrial infrastructure The systems of electrical, heat provision, gasification and water provision of inhabited points, especially in villages work not properly. The level of their emergency risk it too high, the equipment is extremely worn out. As a result, the population does not receive a qualitative and quantitative service of these spheres. The electrical provision is provided through the lines of electrical power, entering the united energetic system of the Northern Caucasus. Small electrical and heat power stations at Sulak are the providers of the electricity. The systems of gasification and centralized heating of the inhabited points are developed first of all in main cities and urbanized types of settlements. The majority of the latter and village points are not connected to them, and this creates difficulties in heat provision due to high cost of imported coal. The water provision of inhabited points, specially by the drinking water, remains a very sharp problem for the whole territory of the coastal zone, Many not very big inhabited points do not have centralized water pipelines and drainages. The acting systems are mainly not equipped by constructions of water purification and preparation. As a result the population uses a bad quality drinking water with the presence of polluting substances and extra high salinity, what is one of the factors of the high risk of sickness for the population of the coastal zone. A lot of sewage is escaped into the water reservoirs, and this leads to the formation of sea areas with a constant presence of polluting substances in them. The basis of the transport network of the coastal zone is composed by the rail and automobile ways along the coast of the Caspian Sea, that provide quite high level of the connection between the territories to the south from Makhachkala. The density of roads in the northern past of the republic is less due to the natural geographic conditions. The majority of all internal connections is provided by the sea and air transport. Makhachkala is the biggest marine and air port of Dagestan. The existence of the strongest ecological risks in the coastal zone of the Republic of Dagestan (table 4.1.5.1) defined the following factors: the development of the oil and gas exploration onshore and on the adjoining areas and the exploration of the hydrocarbon raw material on shore is characterized by the pollution by the wastes of drilling and oil products of soil on big territories, in the sea – water environment, common result of which is the depletion of ground and water ecosystems, the existence of the biological resources of sea is under threat and that can lead to the decrease of the recreational attractiveness of the coast:
Table 4.1.5.1. The estimation of ecological risks in the coastal zone of Republic of Dagestan (taking into an account the ecological significance of the object of effect).
1-Ordinary level of effect; 2- increased; 3 – high Let us emphasis that all the named factors are the derivatives of the main factor of the worsening of the condition of the environment – low and non-effective level of social-economic development of the coastal zone, that does not allow to rationally combine the necessity of the economic growth and the preservation of the environment, its resources. |
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